The case explores some of the conflicts generated by the liberalization of labour and services markets in the European Union (EU) following the post-Communist enlargement in 2004, focusing in particular on the role played by the European Court of Justice as the frequent arbitrator of conflicts over market liberalization in the EU.

In 2002, the European Commission proposed a new European directive regulating the granting of computer-implemented inventions.

In 2003, in response to pressures from environmental NGOs, scientists and perceived public opinion, the European Commission proposed a regulation requiring chemicals producers to prove the safety of some 30,000 substances that had come on to the market before 1981.

In 2002, the European Commission proposed a new European directive regulating the granting of computer-implemented inventions.

The case describes the challenge of global climate change and assesses the role played in international climate change politics by the European Union with particular reference to the process of the negotiation, ratification and putting into force of the Kyoto Protocol aimed at limiting worldwide greenhouse gas emissions.

The case describes the challenge of global climate change and assesses the role played in international climate change politics by the European Union with particular reference to the process of the negotiation, ratification and putting into force of the Kyoto Protocol aimed at limiting worldwide greenhouse gas emissions.

In 2002, the European Commission proposed a new European directive regulating the granting of computer-implemented inventions.

By 2004, Wal-Mart, the world's largest company, operated countless discount stores, neighborhood stores, hypermarkets (Wal-Mart Supercenters) and membership warehouses (Sam's Club). In the 1990s, Wal-Mart started to expand abroad, entering entered China in 1996, Korea in 1997, and Japan in 2002.

Carrefour, the second largest mass retailer in the world, has expanded its presence in the Asia Pacific region and competing head-on with Wal-Mart and other Western and Asian mass retailers to capture a significant position in the region. The case retraces the historical development of the expansion, starting with an entry into Taiwan in the late 1980’s.

The case series on the Mass Retailing Industry in Asia discusses the applicability of the hypermarkets and supermarkets business models in Asian contexts. The case A illustrates the industry evolution, the economic model and the globalisation trends of mass retailing and describes the key characteristics of various Asian markets with a particular emphasis on China and Japan.