The great carbon arbitrage, going short (retiring) on coal and going long (investing) on renewables (also known as an “asset for fuel swap”) is positive NPV. The present value of the social benefits of avoided emissions is higher than the sum of the present value of the foregone cash flows of phasing out coal and the PV of the costs of replacing coal by renewable generation.

The case describes how the Italian multinational Enel Group, one of the largest power utilities companies in the world, embraced the transformation of the energy sector, combining open innovation with sustainability – or what the company calls “Innovability”).

Born amidst a crisis, a 12 year old Total Quality Management effort at Bekaert, a European multi-national, resulted in changes to corporate philosophy and R&D management. It also introduced SPC, continuous improvement and production cells for knowledge creation in the factories. These led to two major European quality awards.

The marketing manager of Ciba-Geigy's Agro Division in France must recommend a marketing strategy and marketing mix for a new fungicide. The degree of market coverage and whether to take an undifferentiated or a differentiated approach are the major issues.