This case explores TomTom’s striking success as it evolved into a market leader in navigation systems headquartered in Amsterdam. It addresses the locational factors that have either contributed to or detracted from its success, and discusses how these have affected the company’s ability to innovate and adapt over time.

SoundCloud is one of the world's largest audio-share websites and a recent example of successful entrepreneurship to have come out of an unexpected place: Berlin. The case discusses how SoundCloud has flourished by identifying the type of ‘place surplus’ important for it to derive competitive advantage and succeed.