In 2017 the Port of Antwerp is capacity constrained. Capacity will improve dramatically in 2028 with the construction of a new terminal. However, in the meantime, a variety of issues make the problem acute and critical for the competitiveness of the port, as otherwise clients migrate to other ports and use other means to reach inland Europe.

This case is about shared mobility in Paris.

In 2018, the socialist mayor of Paris, Anne Hidalgo, in the fourth of her six-year mandate, embarked on a vision to create a greener city, free from polluting vehicles. Two years earlier, recognizing the global climate emergency and the need to keep global warming below 1.5C°, the city of Paris had set out an ambition to attain carbon neutrality by 2050.